Alduwaliya Journal of the Syrian International Academy

The role of neoconservatives in influencing George W. Bush's policy in the service of the Israeli entity

2024-01-11T20:51:30+00:00

The policy pursued by George W. Bush, to change the structure of Middle East (in the Service of the Israeli entity) ، has been the focus of attention of many researchers, to analyze its motives, the desired goals, and the factors influencing the direction of that policy, the most important of which is the influence of the neo-conservatives.

This study began with an introduction to the neo-conservatives and their imperial project to highlight America’s strength, impose its hegemony, and make radical changes in the world, and in the Middle East in particular, by virtue of their hatred of Arabs and Muslims and their absolute loyalty to Israel.

The research dealt with a definition of the life of Georg W. Bush, and his journey to religious commitment, and the nature of the Christian Zionist faith that he embraces, and in which he shares the same goals with the neoconservatives in serving the interests of Israel.

The support of the neoconservatives for George W. Bush, in his elections, his accession to the presidency, and their assumption of the most important sensitive positions in his administration was a golden opportunity for them to implement their agenda that they had planned and promoted for many years.

The neo-conservatives hastened to implement their agenda immediately after the events of September 11 (which their most prominent members had previously heralded), then the executive steps for their plans began, including the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, the launch of the two projects: the new Middle East, and the constructive chaos(that the countries of the region that are hostile to Israel are still experiencing political, economic, social, and divisive repercussions, until the date of writing this research.

The role of international humanitarian law in protecting the rights of Palestinian prisoners and detainees in Israeli prisons as of June 1967

2024-01-11T20:37:12+00:00

This research sheds light on the situation of Palestinian prisoners and detainees in Israeli prisons since 1967. It discusses the implementation of international humanitarian law, particularly the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions, in light of the complexity of the Palestinian legal situation and the disagreement over naming the Palestinian lands in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as occupied or disputed lands. Consequently, the legal implementation of the Geneva Conventions varies accordingly.

The international community admits that the West Bank and Gaza Strip (which were the areas taken over by the Israeli forces in 1967) are occupied lands, while Israel refuses to confess the occupation of these areas and claims that they are disputed lands, and without sovereignty, given that the West Bank was under the tutelage of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and was affiliated to it administratively, and that the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian tutelage after 1948. Therefore, the Israeli authorities claim that they are carrying out their moral duty towards the humanitarian principles contained in the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions from a customary point of view, not as a legal obligation.

In addition, the great inconsistency between Israeli internal laws - and their amendments - and international humanitarian law has caused a huge gap that may lead to committing severe violations against prisoners and detainees in Israeli prisons under a legitimate legal cover

The Political Impact of Russia's Military Role in Syria after 2015 on its International Standing

2024-01-03T14:21:23+00:00

National interest is a fundamental determinant of the relations among states and non-state actors, which is represented in achieving national security of the states, and ensuring security; stability of citizen’ lives, and the high standard of life. Moreover, the states' foreign policies, tend to achieve important standing within the world politic, where these states consider that intervention into the other states' affairs and the thorny issues, as a means to achieve that desired position, where the extend of this intervention varies due to the importance of the national interest which is achieved through. For example: Russia's military role in Syria after 2015, which aims, according to offensive realism, at achieving an important international standing for Russia, based on the regional position which was gained in the geopolitical region. Consequently, it can achieve its national security, ensure the stability of its internal security and economic status, as well as improving the productive and living level that the country plagued since the early years of USSR collapse.

The accelerating deterioration in security and economy led to the decline of Russia's role in international arena. Therefore, it sought through its military role in Syria to break restrictions that prevented interaction between Russia and Middle East, especially the Arab countries, and Syria was the first step to restore relations with the former allies of USSR, and this what happened indeed after the military and political success that Russia achieved in Syria and its regional surroundings, which reflected positively on its role as a major power in the Middle East. Moreover, it contributed to achieving international position for Russia on the political level.

Protecting the Right to Education During Armed Conflicts Case study on the Syrian Arab Republic between the years 2011-2021

2024-01-11T20:44:52+00:00

The protection of the right to education plays an important role as a human right because of its major affect in the development of societies and the protection of children from abuse or neglect, in order to achieve stable and harmonious relations between nations and build societies. Unfortunately, this right is often neglected in countries experiencing armed conflicts, where education is often not considered as important as other rights such as the right to life, food security, health, basic needs for survival, etc. and is often ignored. However, education in these situations is important for every child because of its great importance to their psychological and physical well-being, and similarly, education provides a guarantee for future development.

The years of conflict in Syria affected the protection of the right to education and its quality. A large number of schools went out of service, and the lack of sufficient material resources to restore the situation to stability led to a decrease in the quality of education, a shortage of teachers and dropouts of students. The Syrian Arab Republic tried to restore the situation, However, with its limited capabilities and in light of the difficult social and economic reality, Syria tried, with the help of international organizations and non-profit governmental organizations, and in cooperation with some countries, to secure the basic requirements to protect this right and ensure its continuity despite the endless challenges.

The impact of soft power diplomacy on international relations: China as a model during the years (2012/2022 AD)

2024-01-11T20:26:15+00:00

Diplomacy is defined as the science of existing relations between countries, and soft power is one of the basic principles of diplomacy. Therefore, soft power is often defined as one of the most important components of power that various international actors have come to depend on, as it works as an influence tool to urge countries to adopt another value model. Without resorting to methods of threat or traditional military pressure, this means that “persuasion” is the basis on which the success of applying the concept of soft power is based. Researchers believe that the tools of soft power include three tools: culture, foreign policy, and political values, and one of the most prominent models for studying soft power is It is the Chinese model that, decades ago, planned to invest in its tools and market its policies different from the Western model, benefiting from its cultural heritage extending throughout history and its growing economic power in the present and sharing its future directions with various governments and peoples in various countries. This study sheds light on the vision and aspects of power diplomacy. Chinese soft power is the slogan of peace, development and cooperation. The study also shows how China, through its soft power tools, was keen to establish a positive mental image of itself as an international influencer characterized by wisdom and self-control when dealing with various international affairs in order to achieve a balance of the state’s national interests with its partners around the world, keeping pace with its development strategy. Comprehensive through the peaceful path, and in a way that also helps it alleviate the pressures it faces in some internal files, and how it balances its commitment to the principles of peaceful coexistence and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries at the same time that it demonstrates its high ability to adapt to rapid changes and seize appropriate opportunities to market its model, Especially in the period that witnessed a group of economic and political transformations in various regions of the world, including the Arab region, in conjunction with the events that some researchers describe as the Arab Spring or in conjunction with the Corona pandemic, benefiting from various geopolitical, economic, and cultural factors to enhance its capabilities and confirm its future leadership away from the colonial model. The traditional one that relies on traditional military force to impose its control over decision-making centers